Agriculture is the science, art, and practice of cultivating soil, growing crops, and raising livestock for food, fiber, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.

• Subsistence farming: Small-scale farming aimed at producing food for the farmer's family.
• Commercial farming: Large-scale production of crops and livestock for sale in markets.
• Organic farming: A farming system that avoids synthetic chemicals and relies on natural processes.
• Sustainable agriculture: Farming practices that aim to preserve the environment while producing food.
• Industrial agriculture: High-input, high-output farming involving modern technologies and large-scale operations.

• Crop production: Growing plants for food, fiber, or other uses.
• Animal husbandry: Raising livestock for meat, dairy, eggs, or other products.
• Agroforestry: Integrating trees and shrubs into farming systems for environmental and economic benefits.
• Aquaculture: Farming of fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants.

Sustainable agriculture refers to farming practices that aim to meet current food needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It focuses on soil health, water conservation, reducing chemical inputs, and maintaining biodiversity.

• No use of synthetic pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers.
• Better soil health and increased biodiversity.
• Healthier food products with fewer chemical residues.
• Lower environmental impact and reduced pollution.

• Enhancing productivity through the use of machinery and automation.
• Improving crop management through precision farming tools like GPS, drones, and sensors.
• Supporting data collection and analysis to optimize inputs like water, fertilizer, and pesticides.
• Facilitating new farming methods such as hydroponics and vertical farming.

GMOs are crops or livestock that have had their DNA modified using genetic engineering techniques to achieve specific traits, such as resistance to pests, herbicides, or drought, or to enhance nutritional content. GMOs are widely debated due to concerns about environmental impacts, food safety, and corporate control of agriculture.

• Climate change: Shifting weather patterns, droughts, and extreme weather events.
• Soil degradation: Loss of fertility due to over-farming, erosion, and pollution.
• Water scarcity: Increasing demand for freshwater in farming, especially in arid regions.
• Pest and disease outbreaks: New and evolving threats to crops and livestock.
• Food security: Ensuring sufficient food production to feed a growing global population.

• Deforestation and habitat loss for land conversion.
• Water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides.
• Soil erosion and degradation.
• Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock and synthetic fertilizers.
• Loss of biodiversity due to monoculture farming practices.

• Providing subsidies and financial support to farmers.
• Implementing policies and regulations to ensure food safety and environmental protection.
• Supporting research and development to improve farming practices.
• Facilitating trade policies that affect agricultural exports and imports.
• Offering education and extension services to help farmers adopt new technologies and practices.

• Increased adoption of precision agriculture and smart farming technologies.
• A shift toward more sustainable and eco-friendly farming practices.
• Growing interest in organic and regenerative farming.
• Expansion of urban farming and local food systems.
• Continued innovation in food production, including lab-grown meat and plant-based alternatives.

• More efficient use of resources like water and energy.
• Greater emphasis on sustainability and reducing the environmental footprint.
• Use of biotechnology to improve crop yields and resilience.
• Continued integration of technology, including AI and automation, into farming.
• Innovations in alternative protein sources and climate-smart agriculture.